The process of calculating the height of one level in relation to another is known as levelling. It is used in surveying to determine a point's elevation relative to a datum or to determine a point's height relative to a datum. It is an optical instrument used in surveying and building to transfer measures or set horizontal levels. The level instrument is set up on a tripod and, depending on the type, either roughly or accurately set on a leveled condition using foot screws (Leveling screws).
Leveling Instruments used in Surveying. civil engineering
(i) A telescope to provide a line of sight (ii) A level tube to make the line of sight horizontal and (iii) A levelling head to level the instrument. The following types of levels are available: (i) Dumpy level (ii) Wye (or, Y) level (iii) Cookes reversible level (iv) Cushings level (v) Tilting level and (vi) Auto level. Dumpy Level The levelling instrument consists of the following parts: A telescope consists of two lenses placed inside a tube. The lens opposite to the viewing end is called the objective lens or the objective. The rays of light from the object form an image behind the objective (between the objective and the eye lens). Levelling or leveling ( American English; see spelling differences) is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to establish or verify or measure the height of specified points relative to a datum. Leveling is a branch of surveying in civil engineering to measure levels of different points with respect to a fixed point such as elevation of a building, height of one point from ground etc. Types of Leveling in Surveying Direct leveling Trigonometric leveling Barometric leveling Stadia leveling Direct Leveling
Levelling Terms, Levelling Instruments, Levelling Staff, Levelling Methods and Uses of Levelling
The levelling instruments essentially consist of the following: A levelling head with three foot screws which enables to bring the bubble at its centre. Telescope that provides line of sight to bisect distinct objects. A bubble tube to make the line of sight horizontal either mounted on top or side of the telescope. Levelling in surveying is primarily used to determine the relative height of various points on, above, and below the ground's surface. It is a method of calculating the difference in elevations or levels between two points on the earth's surface. 1.Dumpy level. 2. Wye or Y level. 3. Cooke's reversible level. 4. Cushing's level. 5. Tilting Level. Levelling Instruments used in Surveying. Levelling instruments are employed for determining the relative heights of different points on the earth's surface. Definition: Levelling is the most widely used method of obtaining the elevations of ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate procedure to those used in fixing planimetric position. The basic concept of leveling involves the measurement of vertical distance relative to a horizontal line of sight.
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With a levelling instrument, it is possible to establish only a horizontal line not a level line. However,for the smalldistances involved in ordinary levelling, the distinction between level line and horizontal line is negligible. The errors due to instrumental faults can be eliminated if the points are equidistant from the levelling instrument. Leveling involves the measurement of a vertical distance relative to a horizontal line of sight. Therefore it requires a graduated staff for the vertical measurements and an instrument that will provide a horizontal line of sight. Leveling Methods in Surveying. Direct Leveling (Spirit Leveling) Barometric Leveling Hypsometric Leveling
1. Barometric Leveling. Uses an instrument to measure the atmosphere at any altitude. So in this method of leveling, the atmospheric pressure of two different points is carefully observed, determining the base of the vertical difference between the points. However, civil engineers are only using this method rarely as it is only a rough. 1. Establishing a level reference line or plane: The main purpose of levelling is to establish a level reference line or plane, which serves as a benchmark for all vertical measurements. This reference line is needed to determine the elevations of various points on the ground accurately. 2.
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Levelling ( or Leveling) is a branch of surveying, the object of which is: i) to find the elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum, and ii) to establish points at a given or assumed datum. There are four types of surveying levels: 1.The wye, or the dumpy level2.The tilting level,3.The self - leveling level; and The first type consists of a telescopic sight.
